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Posted: Published on August 2nd, 2018

This post was added by Rebecca Evans

A note about pre-requisite learning: A clear understanding of human acid-base physiology is necessary before you begin this learning activity

An introduction to acid-base imbalances will facilitate your understanding of the contents within this tutorial.

Upon completion of this learning activity, you will be able to

orecognize clinical manifestations associated with acid-base imbalances.

omatch pH values with acid-base imbalances.

oselect the correct answer following the review of each case study.

ocompare and contrast the step-wise assessment of determining the acid-base balance of the blood.

oidentify the appropriate etiology of metabolic acidosis/alkalosis and respiratory acidosis/alkalosis.

odifferentiate between compensatory and non-compensatory ABG changes.

Sometimes reading and deciphering Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) can be a challenge! I have provided an interactive online tutorial for your review.

Arterial blood gas values reflect ventilation and acid-base balance. The results include the arterial blood pH (concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood) , partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) dissolved in the arterial plasma, and the concentration of sodium bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood. Our bodies regulate an acid-base balance through a "buffer system." This buffer system neutralizes acids. There are three buffer systems that exist for the maintenance of our acid-base equilibrium: a buffer system in our blood, respiratory system, and renal system.

Some of the common causes of the retention of carbon dioxide (respiratory acidosis) are:pneumonia, drug overdose, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax

Some of the common causes of the respiratory alkalosis are:pain, fever, asthma, congestive heart failure (CHF), anxiety, fear, pulmonary embolus

Some of the common causes of a gain of metabolic acids or a loss of base (metabolic acidosis) are:Increased acids: renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, aspirin overdose, anaerobic metabolismLoss of base: diarrhea

Some of the common causes of gain of base or loss of metabolic acids (metabolic alkalosis) are:Gain of base: Increased ingestion of antacids or an excessive administration of sodium bicarbonateLoss of metabolic acids: vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, low potassium and/or chloride levels, diuretics, steroids, increase in aldosterone

Are you currently enrolled in a class at USF that requires you to complete this tutorial for credit? If so, you will need to login on the left side of this page before continuing.

If you are not completing this tutorial for credit, start here!

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