The following essay is reprinted with permission from The Conversation, an online publication covering the latest research.
Maths is the language of science. It crops up everywhere from physics to engineering and chemistry aiding us in understanding the origins of the universe and building bridges that wont collapse in the wind. Perhaps a little more surprisingly, maths is also increasingly integral to biology.
For hundreds of years mathematics has been used, to great effect, to model relatively simple physical systems. Newtons universal law of gravitation is a fine example. Relatively simple observations led to a rule which, with great accuracy, describes the motion of celestial bodies billions of miles away. Traditionally, biology has been viewed as too complicated to submit to such mathematical treatment.
Biological systems are often classified as complex. Complexity in this sense means that, due to the complicated interaction of many sub-components, biological systems can exhibit what we call emergent behaviour the system as a whole demonstrates properties which the individual components acting alone cannot. This biocomplexity has often been mistaken for vitalism, the misconception that biological processes are dependent on a force or principle distinct from the laws of physics and chemistry. Consequently, it has been assumed that complex biological systems are not amenable to mathematical treatment.
There were some early dissenters. Famous computer scientist and World War II code-breaker Alan Turing was one of the first to suggest that biological phenomena could be studied and understood mathematically. In 1952 he proposed a pair of beautiful mathematical equations which provide an explanation for how pigmentation patterns might form on animals coats.
Not only was his work beautiful, it was also counter-intuitive the sort of work that only a brilliant mind like Turings could ever have dreamed up. Even more of a pity, then, that he was so poorly treated under the draconian anti-homosexuality laws of the time. After a course of corrective hormone treatment, he killed himself just two years later.
Since then, the field of mathematical biology has exploded. In recent years, increasingly detailed experimental procedures have lead to a huge influx in the biological data available to scientists. This data is being used to generate hypotheses about the complexity of previously abstruse biological systems. In order to test these hypotheses, they must be written down in the form of a model which can be interrogated to determine whether it correctly mimics the biological observations. Mathematics is the natural language in which to do this.
In addition, the advent of, and subsequent increase in, computational ability over the last 60 years has enabled us to suggest and then interrogate complex mathematical models of biological systems. The realisation that biological systems can be treated mathematically, coupled with the computational ability to build and investigate detailed biological models, has led to the dramatic increase in the popularity of mathematical biology.
Maths has become a vital weapon in the scientific armoury we have to tackle some of the most pressing questions in medical, biological and ecological science in the 21st century. By describing biological systems mathematically and then using the resulting models, we can gain insights that are impossible to access though experiments and verbal reasoning alone. Mathematical biology is incredibly important if we want to change biology from a descriptive into a predictive science giving us power, for example, to avert pandemics or to alter the effects of debilitating diseases.
Over the last 50 years, for example, mathematical biologists have built increasingly complex computational representations of the hearts physiology. Today, these highly sophisticated models are being used in an attempt to understand better the complicated functioning of the human heart. Computer simulations of heart function allow us to make predictions about how the heart will interact with candidate drugs, designed to improve its function, without having to undertake expensive and potentially risky clinical trials.
We use mathematical biology to study disease as well. On an individual scale, researchers have elucidated the mechanisms by which our immune systems battles with viruses through mathematical immunology and suggested potential interventions for tipping the scales in our favour. On a wider scale, mathematical biologists have proposed mechanisms that can be used to control the spread of deadly epidemics like Ebola, and to ensure the finite resources dedicated to this purpose are employed in the most efficient way possible.
Mathematical biology is even being used to inform policy. There has been research done on fisheries for example, using mathematical modelling to set realistic quotas in order to ensure we do not overfish our seas and that we protect some of our most important species.
The increased comprehension gleaned by taking a mathematical approach can lead to better understanding of biology at a range of different scales. At the Centre for Mathematical Biology in Bath, for example, we study a number of pressing biological problems. At one end of the spectrum, we try to develop strategies for averting the devastating effects of locust plagues comprising up to a billion individuals. At the other end, we try to elucidate the mechanisms that give rise to the correct development of the embryo.
Although mathematical biology has traditionally been the domain of applied mathematicians, it is clear that mathematicians who self-classify as pure have a role to play in the mathematical biology revolution. The pure discipline of topology is being used to understand the knotty problem of DNA packing and algebraic geometry is being used to select the most appropriate model of biochemical interaction networks.
As the profile of mathematical biology continues to rise, emerging and established scientists from disciplines across the scientific spectrum will be drawn to tackle the rich range of important and novel problems that biology has to offer.
Turings revolutionary idea, although not fully appreciated in his time, demonstrated that there was no need to appeal to vitalism the god in the machine to understand biological processes. Chemical and physical laws encoded in mathematics, or mathematical biology as we now call it, could do just fine.
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
Excerpt from:
The Maths of Life and Death: Our Secret Weapon in the Fight ... - Scientific American
- Howard H. Seliger, Hopkins biology professor - January 1st, 2013 [January 1st, 2013]
- General Biology-Concepts and Investigations - Video - January 31st, 2013 [January 31st, 2013]
- Biology Reproduction part 13 (Sexual reproduction: Flower Structure) CBSE class 10 X - Video - January 9th, 2014 [January 9th, 2014]
- How far can a Buddhist approach to biology take us? - January 14th, 2014 [January 14th, 2014]
- Biology revision song on protein synthesis by Andrew Perkins - Video - January 30th, 2014 [January 30th, 2014]
- Scientific Evidence for Creation CSE BIBLE FORUM Origins 1212 Dr Seuss Biology - Video - February 9th, 2014 [February 9th, 2014]
- Synthetic biology lab backed by 2 million award - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Vanguard High teacher wins 2014 Shell Science Lab Challenge - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Biohacking and the problem of bioterrorism - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Synthetic genetic clock keeps accurate time across a range of temperatures - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Math modeling integral to synthetic biology research - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Vacancies in biology dept. impact course options - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Dr. Joshua Reece Earns Best Presentation Award At Conference - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Life Science Reference - Biology Online - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- 9th Grade Biology: A Hectic Introduction to Mammals - Video - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Theism vs Evolution, Biology, and History - Video - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- AP Biology Ch.49 Circulatory System Livestream - Video - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- AP Biology Review Cards - Video - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- AP Biology - Chapter 49 Circulatory System Part 1 - Video - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- MSc Biology and PhD Boreal Ecology - Video - April 9th, 2014 [April 9th, 2014]
- Whale tales: Students set sail for biology class research - April 10th, 2014 [April 10th, 2014]
- Barnard biology professor honored with Emily Gregory award for teaching - April 10th, 2014 [April 10th, 2014]
- biology: Definition from Answers.com - Answers - The Most ... - April 10th, 2014 [April 10th, 2014]
- Biology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - April 10th, 2014 [April 10th, 2014]
- Bridging the Brain Disease Knowledge Gap through Computational Modeling and Systems Biology: An O... - Video - April 10th, 2014 [April 10th, 2014]
- Sharpening microscope images: New technique takes cues from astronomy, ophthalmology - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- COLLEGE NEWS: April 13 - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Eureka Once, Eureka Twice - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Biology - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- The Art of Nutrients - Biology Song - 'Counting Stars' Remake - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Biology - The Nervous System - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- OCR AS BIOLOGY: - Cell Structures - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Evolutionary Biology Research / F. Robin O'Keefe and Julie Meachen / Page Museum - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- What Is a Thyroid In Biology? : Let's Get Medical - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Red Ice Radio - Sofia Smallstorm - Hour 1 - Chemtrails to Pseudo-Life & Synthetic Biology - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- STARNES: Did professor advocate censorship of conservative student newspaper? - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- German Research Foundation approves new priority program in the life sciences - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Announcing BioCoder issue 3 - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Poetry by Linda Bierds, Buddhism and biology - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Digestion - Biology Music Video - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- AS Level Biology- Edexcel/SNAB- Unit 1 Revision Notes - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- The Anatomy Of The Heart - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- #OilerNation Biology Program Q & A Hangout - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Northwestern University researchers on synthetic biology - Video - April 15th, 2014 [April 15th, 2014]
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (Vienna) - Video - April 16th, 2014 [April 16th, 2014]
- Biology 1B - 2014-04-14 - Video - April 16th, 2014 [April 16th, 2014]
- AP Biology Review 3/7: Cell Energy - Video - April 16th, 2014 [April 16th, 2014]
- MCB 410: Developmental Biology - Video - April 16th, 2014 [April 16th, 2014]
- Dyslexic Advantage - UCSF Symposium - Dr Fumiko Hoeft - Biology of Stealth Dyslexia - Video - April 16th, 2014 [April 16th, 2014]
- Life cycle of Silkworm- Insect Molecular Biology Lab, Dr.M.Krishnan, Bharathithasan University. - Video - April 16th, 2014 [April 16th, 2014]
- Tracking flu levels with Wikipedia - April 17th, 2014 [April 17th, 2014]
- Biology major Katharine Leigh '15 wins Udall scholarship - April 17th, 2014 [April 17th, 2014]
- First in the nation: UW-Madison establishes post-doc in feminist biology - April 17th, 2014 [April 17th, 2014]
- Biology Project: Predation - Video - April 17th, 2014 [April 17th, 2014]
- Report Focussing On Biology Underlining - Video - April 17th, 2014 [April 17th, 2014]
- edX | MITx: Quantitative Biology Workshop: 7QBWx About Video - Video - April 17th, 2014 [April 17th, 2014]
- Cell Mediated Response (Erdmann's 2B-3 AP Biology) - Video - April 17th, 2014 [April 17th, 2014]
- Biology Plantae part 13 (Mosses: structure, life cycle, mosses vs leafy liverwots) CBSE class 11 XI - Video - April 17th, 2014 [April 17th, 2014]
- Biology - Photosynthesis - Video - April 19th, 2014 [April 19th, 2014]
- The Genie in Your Genes: Epigenetics and Biology of Intention - Video - April 19th, 2014 [April 19th, 2014]
- Introduction to Synthetic Biology Andrew Hessel - Video - April 19th, 2014 [April 19th, 2014]
- Teacher of Biology - April 21st, 2014 [April 21st, 2014]
- Biology - Osmosis - Video - April 21st, 2014 [April 21st, 2014]
- UW to host first feminist biology post-doc program in nation - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- The Biology Project: Cell Biology - University of Arizona - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- The Biology Corner - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- Rader's BIOLOGY 4 KIDS.COM - Biology basics for everyone! - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- Stanford CF Education Day 2014 Understanding the Biology - Video - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- 9th Grade Biology: Hectic Introduction to the Human Organ Systems pt.1 - Video - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- Honors Biology and Biology Mrs. Ellis - Video - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- Biology professor researches parasites - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- TRANSCRIPTION-Biology - Video - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- 2014 Interdisciplinary Innovation Forum: "Mathematical Biology" - Video - April 22nd, 2014 [April 22nd, 2014]
- This Week in Genome Biology - April 24th, 2014 [April 24th, 2014]
- Biology - Calvin Cycle - Video - April 24th, 2014 [April 24th, 2014]
- Systems biology course 2014 Uri Alon - lecture 3: FFL and more - Video - April 24th, 2014 [April 24th, 2014]
- Systems biology course 2014 Uri Alon - lecture 2: Auto regulation - Video - April 24th, 2014 [April 24th, 2014]
- Systems biology course 2014 Uri Alon - lecture 1: Basic concepts - Video - April 24th, 2014 [April 24th, 2014]
- 9th Grade Biology: Hectic Introduction to the Human Organ Systems pt.2 - Video - April 24th, 2014 [April 24th, 2014]
- Have Atheists Hijacked Biology? - Video - April 24th, 2014 [April 24th, 2014]