In Australia, more than 1.1 million people currently have type 2 diabetes.
A host of potential complications associated with the disease mean a 45-year-old diagnosed with type 2 diabetes will live on average six years less than someone without type 2 diabetes.
This week we published a report bringing together the latest evidence on the health consequences of type 2 diabetes.
Aside from demonstrating the complications we know well like the link between diabetes and heart disease risk our report highlights some newer evidence that suggests type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cancer and dementia.
Read more: How Australians Die: cause #5 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes, which typically develops after the age of 40, is usually due to a combination of the pancreas failing to produce enough of the hormone insulin, and the cells in the body failing to adequately respond to insulin.
Since insulin is the key regulator of blood glucose (sugar), this causes a rise in the blood sugar levels.
Risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, being physically inactive, having a poor diet, high blood pressure and family history of type 2 diabetes.
People with type 2 diabetes are about twice as likely to develop heart disease than people without type 2 diabetes.
While heart attacks, due to blockages in the coronary arteries, are perhaps the better recognised form of heart disease, heart failure, where the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood around the body, is becoming more common, especially in people with type 2 diabetes.
This is due to a number of factors, including better treatment and prevention of heart attacks, which has allowed more people to survive long enough to develop heart failure.
People with type 2 diabetes are up to eight times more likely to develop heart failure compared to those without diabetes.
Read more: Got pre-diabetes? Here's five things to eat or avoid to prevent type 2 diabetes
Meanwhile, diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure and vision loss in working age adults, and accounts for more than 50% of foot and leg amputations.
But beyond these common and familiar complications of diabetes, theres mounting evidence to suggest type 2 diabetes increases the risk of other diseases.
People with type 2 diabetes are approximately two times more likely to develop pancreatic, endometrial and liver cancer, have a 30% higher chance of getting bowel cancer and a 20% increased risk of breast cancer.
Increased cancer risk is of particular concern for the growing number of people under 40 living with type 2 diabetes. In Australia, this group saw a significant increase in deaths from cancer between 2000 and 2011.
Dementia, too, is a recently recognised complication of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis involving data from two million people showed people with type 2 diabetes have a 60% greater risk of developing dementia compared to those without diabetes.
Read more: Type 2 diabetes increasingly affects the young and slim; here's what we should do about it
Its important to acknowledge the studies we looked at are observational and cant tell us diabetes necessarily caused these conditions. But they do suggest having diabetes is associated with an increased risk.
The two leading theories for why cancer risk is increased in people with type 2 diabetes relate to glucose and insulin.
Many types of cancer cells use glucose as a key fuel, so the more glucose in the blood, potentially, the more rapidly cancer will grow.
Alternatively, insulin can promote the growth of cells. And since in the early stages of type 2 diabetes insulin levels are elevated, this might also promote the development of cancer.
There are several possible explanations for the link between diabetes and dementia. First, strokes are more common in people with type 2 diabetes, and both major and repeated mini-strokes can lead to dementia.
Second, diabetes affects the structure and function of the smallest blood vessels throughout the body (the capillaries), including in the brain. This may impair the delivery of nutrients to a persons brain cells.
Third, high glucose levels and other metabolic disturbances associated with diabetes may, over time, directly affect the way certain types of brain cells function.
Despite well-established recommendations for the management of type 2 diabetes, such as guidelines for medication use, healthy diet and regular physical activity, there remains a significant gap between the evidence and what happens in practice.
A study from the US showed only one in four patients with type 2 diabetes met all the recommended targets for healthy levels of glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure.
Australian data has shown having diabetes is associated with 14% increased likelihood of discontinuing cholesterol medication after one year.
In our report, we showed increasing the use of a range of effective medications would prevent many hundreds of people with diabetes developing heart disease, strokes and kidney failure each year.
Read more: Unscrambling the egg: how research works out what really leads to an increased disease risk
With the burden of diabetes complications in our community casting such a large shadow in terms of death rates, disability and impact on the health system, we need greater education and support for people with living diabetes, as well as health professionals treating the condition.
For people with type 2 diabetes, close monitoring for other diseases such as cancer through screening programs is particularly important.
And alongside managing their blood sugar levels, its essential Australians with type 2 diabetes are supported to keep risk factors for complications, such as blood pressure and cholesterol, at healthy levels.
A healthy diet and regular physical activity is a good place to start.
- Heart Disease - April 10th, 2018 [April 10th, 2018]
- Heart and Cardiovascular Research - April 10th, 2018 [April 10th, 2018]
- Heart and Cardiovascular Research - iMedPub - May 22nd, 2018 [May 22nd, 2018]
- Heart Disease - A Closer Look at Stem Cell Treatments - May 27th, 2018 [May 27th, 2018]
- Heart Conferences | Heart Congress | Cardiology ... - June 26th, 2018 [June 26th, 2018]
- Heart disease - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic - September 21st, 2018 [September 21st, 2018]
- Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke | NIDDK - September 29th, 2018 [September 29th, 2018]
- Heart Diseases & Disorders - Heart Rhythm Society - October 31st, 2018 [October 31st, 2018]
- Heart Disease - Closer Look at Stem Cells - November 15th, 2018 [November 15th, 2018]
- What is Heart Disease?, HHS, NIH, NHLBI - December 28th, 2018 [December 28th, 2018]
- Types of Heart Disease | Covenant HealthCare - December 30th, 2018 [December 30th, 2018]
- Heart Disease - Lab Tests Online - December 30th, 2018 [December 30th, 2018]
- Heart Diseases | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ... - December 30th, 2018 [December 30th, 2018]
- Heart Healthy Lifestyle - Prevent Heart Diseases - HeartCare - January 26th, 2019 [January 26th, 2019]
- Breast cancer most prevalent in Sabah - The Borneo Post - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Menopause and womens heart health - Udaipur Kiran - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Low Birth Weight Linked To Heart Problems In Adulthood: Study - News Nation - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Consuming Red Meat And Pork Linked To Heart Disease And Cancer - Peoria Observer - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Yes, we still need to cut down on red and processed meat - The Conversation AU - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- On oral contraceptive pills? You could be at risk of heart disease! - Times Now - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Rutgers researchers find heart valve infections increasing in hospitals - RU Daily Targum - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Most common warning symptoms of heart attack - Elets - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Adults Who Lost Teeth More Prone to Heart Attack, Stroke - SciTechDaily - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Heart and Stroke Foundation: 80% of heart attacks, strokes can be prevented - Northern Natal Courier - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Heart diseases on the rise: experts - newagebd.net - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Heart attack: Best diet to protect against the life-threatening condition - Express - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Women 'suffering and dying' because of inequalities in heart disease diagnosis and treatment - Holyrood - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- B'luru's air pollution contributing to heart diseases? Study finds drivers are at risk - The News Minute - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Alia Bhatt supports fundraising for kids with heart diseases: They are more positive than adults - India Today - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Reduce heart disease at the American Heart Associations Heart Walk - KXAN.com - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Losing teeth may not be a good sign, could be indicative of heart disease risk - Economic Times - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Tooth Loss Associated with Higher Risk of Heart Disease - Cath Lab Digest - October 6th, 2019 [October 6th, 2019]
- Heart failure is the silent killer you've been ignoring - Times of India - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- FDA awards 12 grants to fund new clinical trials to advance the development of medical products for the treatment of rare diseases - FDA.gov - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Daikon Radish: Types, Nutrition, Benefits, and Uses - Healthline - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Air Pollution May Affect Every Organ, Cell in the Body - Voice of America - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Less than 6 hours of sleep a night linked to increased risk of early death - NHS Website - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Disabled mum left in tears after DWP wrongly stopped all her benefits - Mirror Online - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- How to live longer: Best diet to boost your life expectancy - what to eat - Express - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Men Should Stop Drinking Six Months In Advance If They Plan to Be Fathers - AskMen - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Dr. Roach: Assessing the risks of secondhand cigarette smoke - The Detroit News - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- What is vascular disease? - Midland Daily News - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Fauna Bio Receives Grant From the National Institutes of Health to Advance Its Drug Repurposing Platform - BioSpace - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Bacon rashers, statistics, and controversy - The BMJ - The BMJ - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Why should you have semolina (suji) for weight loss - Times of India - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- 4 blind spots in the confusing debate about red meat - Inverse - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Inflammation Signs That Are Often Overlooked - msnNOW - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- MKRMS seminar: Experts stress regular exercise, healthy food for heart health - The News International - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Exercise, healthy food for heart health stressed - The News International - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation Awards $775000 to 11 Innovative Heart Health Programs & Announces Open Call for Applications - Business Wire - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- How to live longer: The superfood proven to boost brain and heart health - Express - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- People with mental disorder at high risk of heart diseases - Yahoo India News - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Do Women Need To Worry About Heart Disease? - Version Weekly - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Stroke rates continue decline in the U.S. - Reuters - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- 6 Foods That Can Help Protect You Against Life-Threatening Ailments - International Business Times - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Prevention of Heart Disease - The Sentinel Assam - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Tooth loss linked to higher risk of heart disease - The New Indian Express - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Performing HIIT Exercises Can Help Minimize The Risk Of Contracting A Heart Disease - International Business Times - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Heart disease: Best exercise to lower the risk of developing the deadly condition - Express - October 10th, 2019 [October 10th, 2019]
- Shropshire people left more than 343000 in wills to British Heart Foundation - shropshirestar.com - October 11th, 2019 [October 11th, 2019]
- Queen's Speech puts air pollution, science and the NHS on the agenda - British Heart Foundation - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- In a rural Wisconsin village, the doctor makes house calls and sees some of the rarest diseases on Earth - Milwaukee Journal Sentinel - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Treatment And Management Of Heart Disease During Pregnancy - Version Weekly - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Severe dental diseases persist in S.D. due to chronic poverty and lack of access to dentists - KELO AM-FM - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- New York Ranks 25th In Nation In First-Ever Childhood Obesity Study - WAER - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Saddleridge Fire Leads to Poor Air Quality, Tips on Staying Healthy - NBC Southern California - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- This country just became the first to ban ads for sugary drinks - WGAL Lancaster - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Heart disease: Three dietary tips to keep the risks at bay - Express - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Eating habits that can reverse heart disease - Daily Monitor - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Hale and hearty: Tips to maintain good heart health - The New Indian Express - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Exercise Is Especially Important For Those With Heart Disease - Anti Aging News - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Exercise good for people with heart disease, other physical ailments - Al Bawaba - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Should you eat red meat or not? A dietitian explains the latest nutrition science on meat, eggs and butter - NBC News - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- Rheumatic heart disease in Northern Territory 'a bloody health emergency' - The Guardian - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- PPMD Grants to Promote Gene Therapy for Heart Disease and Patient Outcomes Research - Muscular Dystrophy News - October 15th, 2019 [October 15th, 2019]
- University of Guelph researchers track how cats' weights change over time - Jill Lopez - October 20th, 2019 [October 20th, 2019]
- Study Shows That a 50% Pay Raise Lowers the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases by 15% - WORLD OF BUZZ - October 20th, 2019 [October 20th, 2019]
- Dog owners less likely to have cardiovascular diseases, and better chances of recovering from strokes or heart - MEAWW - October 20th, 2019 [October 20th, 2019]
- Keep your heart pumping - The New Indian Express - October 20th, 2019 [October 20th, 2019]
- How Can We Curb the Spread of Scientific Racism? - Scientific American - October 20th, 2019 [October 20th, 2019]