Intravascular imaging guided versus coronary angiography guided … – The BMJ

Abstract

Objective To assess the absolute treatment effects of intravascular imaging guided versus angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary artery disease, considering their baseline risk.

Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to 31 August 2023.

Study selection Randomized controlled trials comparing intravascular imaging (intravascular ultrasonography or optical coherence tomography) guided versus coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention in adults with coronary artery disease.

Main outcome measures Random effect meta-analysis and GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation) were used to assess certainty of evidence. Data included rate ratios and absolute risks per 1000 people for cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target vessel revascularization, and target lesion revascularization. Absolute risk differences were estimated using SYNTAX risk categories for baseline risks at five years, assuming constant rate ratios across different cardiovascular risk thresholds.

Results In 20 randomized controlled trials (n=11698), intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with a reduced risk of cardiac death (rate ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.72), myocardial infarction (0.81, 0.68 to 0.97), stent thrombosis (0.44, 0.27 to 0.72), target vessel revascularization (0.74, 0.61 to 0.89), and target lesion revascularization (0.71, 0.59 to 0.86) but not all cause death (0.81, 0.64 to 1.02). Using SYNTAX risk categories, high certainty evidence showed that from low risk to high risk, intravascular imaging was likely associated with 23 to 64 fewer cardiac deaths, 15 to 19 fewer myocardial infarctions, 9 to 13 fewer stent thrombosis events, 28 to 38 fewer target vessel revascularization events, and 35 to 48 fewer target lesion revascularization events per 1000 people.

Conclusions Compared with coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention, intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with significantly reduced cardiac death and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. The estimated absolute effects of intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention showed a proportional relation with baseline risk, driven by the severity and complexity of coronary artery disease.

Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42023433568.

The advent of drug eluting stents and advances in intravascular imaging modalities, such as intravascular ultrasonography or optical coherence tomography, have improved cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.1 Randomized controlled trials have shown evidence supporting intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention, primarily due to reduced rates of revascularization and stent thrombosis. For instance, the IVUS-XPL (Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance on the Outcomes of Xience Prime Stents in Long Lesions) trial, involving 1400 participants, showed a sustained reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events over five years with intravascular ultrasonography in patients with long lesions.2 However, most trials examining use of intravascular ultrasonography in complex lesions were relatively small and not sufficiently powered to assess individual clinical endpoints.

Two recent trials, OCTOBER (Optical Coherence Tomography Optimized Bifurcation Event Reduction) 3 and ILUMIEN IV: OPTIMAL PCI (Optical Coherence Tomography Guided Coronary Stent Implantation Compared with Angiography: A Multicenter Randomized Trial in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) 4 have shown conflicting results among participants undergoing optical coherence tomography guided versus angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention. Although OCTOBER showed a reduction in cardiovascular outcomes with optical coherence tomography guided percutaneous coronary intervention at two years in complex coronary artery bifurcation lesions, ILUMIEN IV: OPTIMAL PCI did not show differences in outcomes between optical coherence tomography and angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention at two years.

In this context, the absolute effects of intravascular imaging seem likely to be influenced by an individuals baseline risk, primarily determined by the complexity and severity of coronary artery disease.5 Furthermore, concerns exist about the link between the increased procedural time and potential exposure to radiation associated with intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention. Therefore, we did a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized controlled trials to evaluate the absolute effects of therapy considering the patients baseline risk and to evaluate the balance between additional procedural time and cardiovascular risk reduction in intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention.

We conducted this trial level meta-analysis according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and reported it following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis).67

We did a comprehensive literature search without language restriction using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases through 31 August 2023. We also searched websites of major cardiovascular and medicine journals (www.nejm.org; https://www.thelancet.com/; https://jamanetwork.com; https://annals.org/aim; https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj; http://www.onlinejacc.org; and http://www.ahajournals.org/journal/circ) and bibliographies of relevant studies.891011 We used broad search terms (angiography, intravascular ultrasound, IVUS, optical coherence tomography, OCT, percutaneous coronary intervention, and PCI) (supplementary tables A-C).

The pre-specified inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials comparing intravascular imaging (intravascular ultrasonography or optical coherence tomography) guided versus coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention in adults with coronary artery disease, studies using drug eluting stents, and studies reporting cardiovascular outcomes of interest. We removed duplicates and screened the remaining articles at the title and abstract level and then at the full text level (fig 1). Two authors (SUK and SA) independently conducted the study search and selection process and resolved conflicts by discussion and mutual consensus.

Flowchart of study selection

Two reviewers (SA and UAA) independently abstracted the data into the data collection sheets, appraised the accuracy of the data, did a risk of bias assessment, and resolved discrepancies by discussion or referral to the original publication. We abstracted data on characteristics of trials (supplementary table D), procedural and angiographic characteristics of patients in the trials (supplementary table E), definition of complex lesions used in trials (supplementary table F), demographic and clinical characteristics of participants (table 1), point estimates with 95% confidence intervals, number of events, and sample sizes. We abstracted data on the intention-to-treat principle.

Baseline demographics of trials and populations included in meta-analysis. Values are percentages unless stated otherwise

We used a Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials (supplementary figure A).29 We assessed the risk of bias at the study level across the following domains: bias due to the randomization process; bias due to deviation from the intended intervention; bias due to missing outcome data; bias in the measurement of the outcomes; and bias in the selection of the reported results, including divergence from the registered protocol or owing to early termination for benefit. Two reviewers (SA and UAA) independently appraised the potential risks of bias, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion or adjudication by a third party.

Our primary focus was cardiac death. Additional endpoints included myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target vessel revascularization, target lesion revascularization, and all cause death. We also evaluated differences in procedural characteristicsthat is, duration of procedure (minutes), fluoroscopy time (minutes), and contrast volume (mL). We extracted outcomes at the maximum follow-up duration.

We did a frequentist pairwise meta-analysis for all patients and measured rate ratios for binary outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals. We measured rate ratios per person years to account for the difference in follow-up duration as it assumes a constant risk over time.30 To calculate absolute risk differences, we applied the pooled rate ratios from the meta-analysis to the baseline risk. We used the baseline risk from the angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention arms of the trials for all outcomes. To connect the two measures, we used absolute risk difference = (rate ratio1) baseline risk per 1000 person years.

To explore the applicability of the findings of our meta-analysis to clinical practice, we did a series of sensitivity analyses using data presented in the SYNTAX (Synergy between Percutaneous coronary intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) trials.531 Firstly, we determined the anticipated absolute effects within distinct risk categories defined within the SYNTAX trial. This trial delineated thirds of risk (mild 0-22, intermediate 23-32, and high 33) based on the compilation of angiographic features. We then did another sensitivity analysis using the SYNTAX-II trial (supplementary table G), which used a scoring system incorporating clinical and angiographic features.

We assumed that the pooled relative effects of intravascular imaging guided versus coronary angiographic guided percutaneous coronary intervention are transportable across study populations.32333435 We then took the event rates in the percutaneous coronary intervention arm reported for each SYNTAX risk category as baseline risks and calculated anticipated absolute effects by multiplying the pooled relative effects by the corresponding baseline risks. We did a parallel analysis using data from SYNTAX-II.31

We pooled outcomes by using a random effects model. We applied the DerSimonian and Laird method to estimate .36 We used I2 statistics to measure the extent of unexplained statistical heterogeneity: we considered I250% to be a high degree of between study statistical heterogeneity.37 We assessed small study effects and publication bias by using funnel plots and Eggers regression tests (supplementary figures B-G).

We did subgroup analyses according to age (<65 v 65 years), type of intravascular imaging (intravascular ultrasonography versus optical coherence tomography), setting (acute coronary syndrome versus all comers), sample size (<500 v 500), and follow-up duration (<1 v 1 year) (supplementary table H). We did several sensitivity analyses: a leave-one-out meta-analysis (supplementary table I); complex coronary artery lesions (supplementary figures H-M); absolute risk estimates using the SYNTAX score categories (table 2); and absolute risk estimates using the SYNTAX-II (supplementary table G). Finally, we estimated the trade-off between procedural characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes; that is, to evaluate the procedural compromises associated with intravascular imaging, we calculated the absolute number of cardiovascular events increased or averted for one additional procedural or fluoroscopy minute when using intravascular imaging compared with a coronary angiogram. The supplementary methods report a detailed method for estimating absolute risk differences.

Anticipated absolute risk differences (ARD) per 1000 people with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of intravascular imaging on outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) across different coronary artery disease risk categories at five years

For all analyses, we set statistical significance as P<0.05. We used RevMan V 5.4 and MAGICapp (www.magicapp.org) for all analyses.

Two authors (SUK and HBA) rated the certainty of evidence as high, intermediate, low, or very low by using the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) approach (https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/) (supplementary table J).

No patients were involved in setting the research question, outcome measures, study design, or data interpretation. Besides lack of funding, the place where this research took place was restricted and we lacked the permission to engage patients. However, after the production of our first manuscript draft, we consulted a member of the public with established cardiovascular disease who has been advised on percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary artery disease. We received feedback that the estimate table (table 2) and certainty of evidence statements were very useful, allowing assessment of the impact of intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention with respect to absolute risk reduction and certainty of risk reduction.

Of 5782 citations, we reviewed 2326 after removal of duplicates. We excluded an additional 2306 studies on the basis of the title and abstract level screening and a priori selection criteria (fig 1). Finally, we included 20 trials (n=11698) in the analysis (table 1). Eleven trials (n=5139) exclusively focused on intravascular ultrasonography, six trials (n=4339) used optical coherence tomography, and three trials (n=2220) used both types of imaging. Twelve trials (n=6113) were conducted in patients with complex coronary lesions. The median age of participants was 64 (interquartile range 61-66) years. The median follow-up duration was 1 (1-2) years.

Our risk of bias assessment showed that 10% (2/20) of trials raised some concerns with the randomization process, 5% (1/20) had deviations from the intended intervention, 15% (3/20) had missing outcome data, and 20% (4/20) had concerns about outcome measurement. Funnel plots did not show small study effects, and Eggers regression test did not indicate the presence of publication bias (P>0.05).

Eleven trials (n=8358) reported procedural time, five trials (n=4560) reported fluoroscopy time, and 13 trials (n=8789) reported contrast volume. Compared with coronary angiography, intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with increased procedural time (mean difference 15.68 (95% confidence interval 13.29 to 18.07) min; P0.01; I2=69%), fluoroscopy time (3.23 (2.25 to 4.21) min; P0.01; I2=78%), and contrast volume use (26.46 (11.14 to 41.78) mL; P0.01; I2=95%). Optical coherence tomography was associated with higher usage of contrast volume (mean difference 54.19 (31.43 to 76.95) mL; P<0.01; I2=96%) than intravascular ultrasonography (0.21 (23.54 to 23.96) mL; P=0.99; I2=87%) (P for interaction <0.01).

Thirteen trials (n=10007) reported cardiac death. Compared with coronary angiography, intravascular imaging was associated with reduced risk of cardiac death (rate ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.72; P<0.001; I2=0%; fig 2) (absolute risk difference 10 (95% confidence interval 13 to 6) fewer per 1000 person years; high certainty).

Forest plot comparing intravascular imaging guided with coronary angiography guided percutaneous intervention for cardiac death. Data obtained from randomized controlled trials using random effect meta-analysis and expressed as rate ratio. CI=confidence interval; M-H=Mantel-Haenszel

A total of 17 trials (n=11057) reported myocardial infarction, and 12 trials (n=10327) reported stent thrombosis. Compared with coronary angiography, intravascular imaging was associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction (rate ratio 0.81, 0.68 to 0.97; P=0.02; I2=0%; fig 3) (absolute risk difference 9 (15 to 1) fewer per 1000 person years; high certainty) and stent thrombosis (rate ratio 0.44, 0.27 to 0.72; P=0.001; I2=0%; fig 4) (absolute risk difference 7 (9 to 3) fewer per 1000 person years; high certainty).

Forest plot comparing intravascular imaging guided with coronary angiography guided percutaneous intervention for myocardial infarction (bottom). Data obtained from randomized controlled trials using random effect meta-analysis and expressed as rate ratio. CI=confidence interval; M-H=Mantel-Haenszel

Forest plot comparing intravascular imaging guided with coronary angiography guided percutaneous intervention for stent thrombosis. Data obtained from randomized controlled trials using random effect meta-analysis and expressed as rate ratio. CI=confidence interval; M-H=Mantel-Haenszel

Twelve trials (n=9321) reported target vessel revascularization, 14 trials (n=10542) reported target lesion revascularization, and 13 trials (n=9174) reported all cause deaths. Compared with coronary angiography, intravascular imaging was associated with a reduced risk of target vessel revascularization (rate ratio 0.74, 0.61 to 0.89; P=0.002; I2=0%; fig 5) (absolute risk difference 14 (21 to 6) fewer per 1000 person years; high certainty) and target lesion revascularization (rate ratio 0.71, 0.59 to 0.86; P<0.001; I2=0%; fig 6) (absolute risk difference 18 (25 to 9) fewer per 1000 person years; high certainty). However, intravascular imaging was not associated with a significant reduction in all cause deaths (rate ratio 0.81, 0.64 to 1.02; P=0.07; I2=0%; fig 7) (absolute risk difference 4 (8 to 0) fewer per 1000 person years; moderate certainty).

Forest plot comparing intravascular imaging guided with coronary angiography guided percutaneous intervention for target vessel revascularization. Data obtained from randomized controlled trials using a random effect meta-analysis and expressed as rate ratio. CI=confidence interval; M-H=Mantel-Haenszel

Forest plot comparing intravascular imaging guided with coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention for target lesion revascularization. Data obtained from randomized controlled trials using random effect meta-analysis and expressed as risk ratio. CI=confidence interval; M-H=Mantel-Haenszel

Forest plot comparing intravascular imaging guided with coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention for all cause death. Data obtained from randomized controlled trials using random effect meta-analysis and expressed as risk ratio. CI=confidence interval; M-H=Mantel-Haenszel

When assessing the trade-off between the additional procedural time (~15 min) and fluoroscopy time (~3 min) and its effect on cardiovascular outcomes, we calculated that for each additional procedural minute spent using intravascular imaging we could anticipate averting approximately 1 (95% confidence interval 1 to 0) cardiac death, 1 (1 to 0) myocardial infarction, 1 (1 to 0) target vessel revascularization event, and 1 (2 to 1) target lesion revascularization event per 1000 people with use of intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention. Furthermore, each additional minute of fluoroscopy with intravascular imaging could potentially prevent around 3 (4 to 2) cardiac deaths, 3 (5 to 0) myocardial infarctions, 2 (3 to 1) stent thrombosis events, 5 (7 to 2) target vessel revascularization events, and 6 (8 to 3) target lesion revascularization events per 1000 people.

Summary results were largely consistent in trials of complex coronary artery lesions (supplementary figures H-M). On the basis of the SYNTAX risk stratification, high certainty evidence showed that for low to high risk patients, intravascular imaging was likely associated with 23 (29 to 13) fewer to 64 (83 to 38) fewer cardiac deaths, 15 (25 to 2) fewer to 19 (32 to 3) fewer myocardial infarctions, 9 (12 to 4) fewer to 13 (17 to 6) fewer stent thrombosis events, 28 (42 to 12) fewer to 38 (57 to 16) fewer target vessel revascularization events, and 35 (50 to 17) fewer to 48 (67 to 23) fewer target lesion revascularization events 1000 people (table 2).

Using the SYNTAX-II score, high certainty evidence showed that intravascular imaging could lead to 13 fewer (17 fewer to 8 fewer) cardiac deaths, 5 fewer (9 fewer to 1 fewer) myocardial infarctions, 8 fewer (10 fewer to 4 fewer) stent thrombosis events, 16 fewer (23 fewer to 7 fewer) target vessel revascularization events, and16 fewer (23 fewer to 8 fewer) target lesion revascularization events per 1000 people.

Statistical analysis showed no significant interaction effects for various subgroups (including age, type of intravascular imaging used, stent generation, setting, sample size, and follow-up duration), indicating that the relative effects of the intravascular imaging were consistent across these subgroups (supplementary table H).

In this meta-analysis of 11698 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents, high certainty evidence suggested that intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with reduced risk of cardiac death and cardiovascular outcomes compared with coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention. Although the duration of procedural and fluoroscopy time was extended by intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention, the benefits of this approach outweighed the potential risks. Finally, the estimated absolute benefits of intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention showed a proportional relation with baseline risk, driven by the severity and complexity of coronary artery disease.

We focused on the absolute effects of intravascular imaging by adopting a risk based approach and evaluating the certainty of evidence with the GRADE framework, which assists clinicians in devising tailored treatment strategies rather than merely concentrating on the relative effects of the intervention. In addition, we observed a decrease in myocardial infarction, revascularization rates, and stent thrombosis accompanied by increased life expectancy due to cardiac causes. This observation becomes crucial when we consider the results from the RENOVATE-COMPLEX PCI (Guidance vs. Angiography-Guidance on Clinical Outcomes after Complex Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) trial.28 In that trial, intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with reduced cardiac deaths compared with coronary angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention.28 However, the secondary endpoints were not adjusted for multiple comparisons. Furthermore, specific outcomes such as myocardial infarction, revascularization, and stent thrombosis did not show significant reductions with intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention, complicating the interpretation of the noted cardiac survival advantage with this method.28

Increased procedural time, contrast dose, and radiation exposure have been linked to periprocedural complications such as early mortality, emergency coronary artery bypass grafting, cancer, and contrast induced nephropathy.38 Concerns exist about the additional procedural time and potential higher radiation exposure associated with intravascular imaging.39 Although our study could not assess the direct association between radiation dose and outcomes, fluoroscopy time can be considered a convenient proxy for radiation exposure. Our findings indicate that the protective effect against cardiovascular events outweighs the additional fluoroscopy time or procedural duration.

Nevertheless, this meta-analysis has limitations. Firstly, the included trials have varied participant populations, outcome definitions, and follow-up periods. Secondly, we did pre-planned overall and subgroup analyses at a study level rather than an individual patient level. Therefore, we could not assess certain crucial aspects, such as the influence of stent sizing before or after intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention, on cardiovascular outcomes. Thirdly, the criteria used for intravascular imaging guidance varied across trials. Fourthly, we did an evaluation of the five year baseline risk for various SYNTAX strata, which may potentially result in an overestimation of baseline risk. This is because the original SYNTAX study used first generation stents without incorporating contemporary antiplatelet regimens. To overcome this concern, we have also provided estimates based on the SYNTAX-II score. This allows clinicians the flexibility to choose either scoring system to estimate potential absolute risk reductions. Fifthly, we assumed similar relative risk reductions with intravascular imaging in the different SYNTAX categories, which may not necessarily be the case. Finally, while focusing on analyzing angiographic lesions through the SYNTAX scoring system, healthcare professionals must not forget to use their clinical expertise when drawing conclusions from our findings.

Although many meta-analyses have studied intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention, a systematic review of 24 meta-analyses showed that only nine focused exclusively on randomized controlled trials.40 Given the potential for observational studies to introduce confounding,41 we focused exclusively on evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials. In addition, we chose cardiac death as our primary endpoint for analysis, which is more specific than the heterogeneous major adverse cardiovascular events endpoint used in previous meta-analyses. Cardiac death provides a more focused measure than all cause death, which is more likely to be influenced by competing risks, potentially diluting the effect of the intervention. Finally, to our knowledge, no previous meta-analyses have investigated the balance between extended procedural time, longer fluoroscopy duration, increased contrast volume, and the potential benefits of intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention.8910

Although the point estimate and the upper bound of the confidence interval hinted at a possible reduction in all cause death with intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention, this did not reach statistical significance. The wide confidence intervals for all cause death reflect low event rates. Additionally, with a median follow-up duration of just one year for this study, detecting a statistically significant difference between the two interventions would require more extended follow-up periods and higher event rates.

The implications of this meta-analysis for clinical guidelines and the adoption of imaging guided strategies are multifaceted. The American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions guidelines for coronary revascularization recommend intravascular ultrasonography for procedural guidance, particularly in cases involving left main or complex coronary artery disease (class of recommendation: 2a).1 Similarly, the European Society of Cardiology and European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery guidelines suggest intravascular ultrasonography or optical coherence tomography for selected patients to optimize stent implantation and intravascular ultrasonography for unprotected left main lesions (class IIa).42 Additionally, the recent European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions consensus statement also recommends the use of imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention only in select groups of patients with complex lesions (including long lesions, chronic total occlusions, or left main lesions) and patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome, citing less benefit in non-complex lesions or patients with more stable clinical presentation.43 Given the observed benefits of intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention, reassessing current guidelines and considering revisions to better reflect the evidence presented in this study are imperative.44

Despite its established benefits, the use of intravascular imaging to optimize percutaneous coronary intervention remains low in the US. A nationwide US study showed that use of intravascular imaging was below 5% between 2004 and 2014.45 A large state registry in Michigan showed that only 5.6% of all percutaneous coronary interventions in Medicare patients were done with intravascular ultrasonography.46 The results of this meta-analysis should encourage wider adoption of intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention in clinical practice. A more systematic application of intravascular imaging as a complement to angiography would be advisable, especially for left main or proximal left anterior descending lesions, in-stent restenosis, stent thrombosis, chronic total occlusions, calcified coronary arteries, or any other situation in which angiography does not adequately show the coronary anatomy. Finally, as intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention becomes more widespread, evaluating its cost effectiveness is crucial. A health economic assessment showed that considering 5% annual discounting, intravascular ultrasonography correlated with an increased lifetime expense of $597 per person.47 This additional cost, however, was offset by a gain of 0.04 life years and 0.05 quality adjusted life years compared with angiography, resulting in an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of $12730 per quality adjusted life year.47 Additionally, exploratory analyses suggested that intravascular ultrasonography had greater cost effectiveness among patients with left main and complex coronary lesions, indicating its potential for both improved health outcomes and efficient resource use in these subgroups.47

This meta-analysis showed that intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with reduced risk of cardiac death, driven by cardiovascular outcomes for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents. The results were consistent across different imaging types and patient populations. The most significant benefits of intravascular imaging guided percutaneous coronary intervention were observed in patients with the most severe and complex coronary artery disease. Finally, the additional time invested in the procedure is outweighed by the positive outcomes and advantages associated with this approach.

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Intravascular imaging guided versus coronary angiography guided ... - The BMJ