Nutrition and Ulcerative Colitis: Understanding the Research – The Good Men Project

Editors note: This information is provided for educational purposes only and is not meant to diagnose or treat any condition. If you have digestive health issues or pain, consult a licensed health care professional in person.

Many people claim to have cured their ulcerative colitis with diet or supplements. Unfortunately, there is no diet or pill that can cure the disease.

However, certain diet changes have shown promise in reducing symptoms and easing discomfort. This article explains what we currently know about the role of diet in ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), like Crohns disease, that affects the colon (large intestine).

Recent studies estimate that IBD affects 2 million people worldwide (1).

Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation and sores in the inner lining of the colon. Inflammation often begins in the rectum, but it can spread throughout the large intestine.

This brief video gives a more detailed look at the disease:

Summary: Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation and sores in the colon.

Ulcerative colitis is thought to develop when a person at genetic risk is exposed to certain environmental stressors.

These environmental stressors either change the ratios of gut bacteria or alter the way the immune system responds to bacteria (2, 3).

As a result, the immune system attacks the intestinal lining causing inflammation and other signs and symptomsincluding:

The same environmental factors that contribute to disease onset can also cause flares.

Certain medications and stress are known to increase disease risk. And recent studies have looked at the relationship between diet and IBD (4, 5).

Research has linked theexcessive use of sugar and artificial sweeteners to IBD, but other studies have shown no connection (2, 6).

Other research has shown a strong link between animal protein and IBD risk.

In an observational study of more than 67,000 middle-aged French women, those who frequently ate meat and fish were significantly more likely to develop IBD. Eggs and dairy were not linked to increased risk (7).

Summary: A combination of genetic, environmental and immunological factors contribute to ulcerative colitis risk. Symptoms occur in flares and include digestive complaints, as well as fatigue and fever.

Medications are used to manage flares and induce remission as quickly as possible.

In addition, certain diet changes may help shorten flares. Some tips to keep in mind:

Summary: Diet changes during flares can support medications to bring on remission faster. Some find it helpful to avoid fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol and high-fiber foods.

Up to 60% of IBD patients have tried an elimination diet to relieve ulcerative colitis symptoms (12). Unfortunately, the only known cure is total surgical removal of the colon and rectum (13).

There is no scientific proof that any diet can cause remission on its own. Limited evidence suggests, however, that certain diets can greatly improve comfort and quality of life.

The Specific Carbohydrate Diet(SCD) has long been reported to relieve symptoms of ulcerative colitis.It limits complex carbohydrates and eliminates refined sugar and lactose. Its believed that these foods travel to the bowel undigested, where they alter gut bacteria and cause discomfort (2).Foods permitted on the diet include most fruits and vegetables (except canned produce and starchy vegetables), meats, certain legumes, honey and lactose-free dairy products.

The GAPS (Gut and Psychology Syndrome) Diet, the IBD Anti-Inflammatory Diet (IBD-AID), and the Paleo Diet are all similar in that they exclude most grains.The Paleo Diet eliminates all dairy products too (14).The IBD-AID includes prebiotic and probiotic foods and a specific ratio of healthy fats. It also permits oats.

Small studies have shown the SCD and the IBD-AID to improve IBD symptoms. Larger, well-designed studies are needed to better determine if there is a role for these diets in IBD treatment (14, 15, 16).

Conversely, the Paleo Diet and the GAPS Diet have not been proven to be beneficial in ulcerative colitis.The removal of grains, in particular is questionable for IBD. Several studies have shown cereal grains to be helpful in reducing ulcerative colitis symptoms and protecting against flares.

In one study, 22 ulcerative colitis patients in remission ate 60 g of oat bran per day for 3 months. Fecal studies after treatment showed a significant increase in butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that is known to heal the intestinal wall (17).

Another study of 18 patients showed that 2030 g per day of germinated barley foodstuff increased beneficial gut bacteria and butyrate, and reduced symptoms (18).

Patients in both studies ate grains without discomfort.

The low FODMAP diet is an elimination diet thats shown promise in managing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (19).It restricts short-chain carbohydrates for several weeks then reintroduces them to see which foods cause digestive problems.

In one study of 72 IBD patients whod received low FODMAP diet education, those who successfully followed the diet for 3 months reported significant reduction in abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea (20).

Other studies have shown mixed results for ulcerative colitis.

Its believed the disease doesnt cause FODMAP sensitivity but that there is an overlap between the two conditions. Any benefit seen in IBD may be from a reduction in functional digestive symptoms (20, 21).

One concern with the low FODMAP diet is that it limits vegetables and prebiotic foods, both of which are thought to protect against IBD (12, 23).

Keeping the elimination period to a few weeks and working with a registered dietitian can help maximize the benefits of a low FODMAP diet while reducing the risk of nutrient deficiencies.

A semi-vegetarian diet limits meat, fish and poultry intake and includes fruits, vegetables, grains, eggs, dairy and legumes.

In one study, 22 patients in remission from Crohns disease were given educational materials about a plant-based diet that allowed fish once per week and meat every two weeks.Sixteen patients were able to follow the semi-vegetarian diet for 2 years. The treatment group was significantly more successful in maintaining remission than those who resumed eating meat (24).

The semi-vegetarian diet has not been studied in ulcerative colitis patients. Clinical trials are needed to determine if it may be beneficial. However, given newer research linking high meat intake with ulcerative colitis, its likely to become a research focus.

The Makers Diet (also called the Bible Diet) allows only unprocessed and organic foods and specific supplements.Its become a popular topic in online IBD support forums because its creator claims the diet cured his Crohns disease.

There have been no studies on the diet to date. The United States Food and Drug Administration issued a warning about the supplements, which are sold through the diet creators website.

Summary: No elimination diet has been proven to cure ulcerative colitis. Many popular diets limit foods that may, in fact be beneficial. Low FODMAP and semi-vegetarian diets show some promise, but larger studies are needed on these meal plans.

Many supplements are advertised to help with ulcerative colitis symptoms.

However, strong evidence is lacking for most supplements, with the exception of probiotics.

Always check with your doctor before beginning any new supplement.

Probioticsare bacteria that offer health benefits by helping to restore the balance of microflora in the gut. Theyre found in dairy and fermented foods and are also available in supplement form.

Fecal studies have shown that the composition of gut bacteria in those with ulcerative colitis is very different to that in healthy people, so probiotics may be helpful for correcting the imbalance.

The bacteria strains Escherichia coli (E. coli) Nissle 1917 and Lactobacillus GG have been shown in small studies to be as effective as aminosalicylate medications in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis (25, 26, 27).

Also promising is the probiotic blend VSL#3. Studies have shown VSL#3 to be as effective as standard medications in bringing about and maintaining remission and reducing symptoms (28, 29, 30).

In a double-blind study, one group of 65 symptomatic ulcerative colitis patients took VSL#3 at a dose of 3600 billion colony-forming units (CFU) per day for 8 weeks. A second group of 66 ulcerative colitis patients received a placebo. All participants received standard ulcerative colitis medications during the study.

Participants recorded their symptoms in a diary, and researchers assigned each participant a score on the Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity Index (UCDAI) at the beginning and end of the study.

Disease activity score was reduced by a much greater margin for the VSL#3 group compared to the placebo group at 8 weeks. They also showed significant improvements in rectal bleeding and were more successful in maintaining remission at 8 weeks (30).

However, ongoing treatment may be key with VSL#3, as one study found that beneficial bacteria returned to pre-treatment levels within 15 days of discontinuing use (2).

Probiotics are safe for most people but can be very expensive. Ask your doctor for a recommended strain and dose if you wish to try them.

Prebioticsare fibers that feed the good bacteria in the gut.

Food sources include leeks, Jerusalem artichokes, garlic, chicory root, onions, bananas, apples, barley and oats.

Germinated barley foodstuff and psyllium husk are both known to increase butyrate production. Butyrate helps to repair the intestinal wall and reduce inflammation (18, 31, 32, 33).

In one study of 105 ulcerative colitis patients in remission, psyllium was nearly as effective as aminosalicylate medications at maintaining remission for 12 months. Remission rates in the study were highest when psyllium and medications were taken together (33).

And the prebiotics inulin and oligofructose have been shown to increase two types of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria) in the gut. One small study showed that oral inulin supplements that were enriched with oligofructose decreased concentrations of inflammatory proteins in the feces (34).

Both the psyllium and inulin studies reported good patient tolerance.

More research is needed to determine if prebiotics are safe and effective for ulcerative colitis.

L-arginineand L-glutamine are amino acids that are used to build proteins.

They are made in the body, although sometimes not in sufficient amounts. They can also be found in meat, dairy and certain grains.

Both of these amino acids are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. Glutamine is said to be helpful in healing leaky gut syndrome, although this is questionable.

Arginine has been shown in rodent studies to heal wounds and reduce inflammatory chemicals in the blood (cytokines) (35, 36, 37).

However, results from human studies are less clear.

Blood arginine levels in one small study were linked to more severe ulcerative colitis. But researchers suspect that ulcerative colitis patients may not be able to take up arginine into the cells effectively. In other words, some patients have high arginine levels overall but not enough usable arginine (38).

More human studies are needed.

Studies have linked several herbal supplements to reduction of ulcerative colitis symptoms.

Some show promise at inducing remission and improving symptoms. However, few studies have established safe and effective doses.

Summary: Many supplements claim to bring about or maintain remission. But specific probiotic strains are the only supplements that have strong scientific support at this time.

Just as some foods are known to increase risk for ulcerative colitis, others are thought to have protective effects.

High fruit and vegetable intake appears to protect against ulcerative colitis. Certain types may even reduce symptoms during flares.

Fruits and vegetables are high in fiber, which is thought to lower risk for IBD. Many are also high in antioxidants, which help to repair and protect the bodys cells (46).

High vegetable intake was linked to lower risk in a review of 19 studies that included 1340 ulcerative colitis patients. A second review of 14 studies found lower rates of the disease in people who ate large quantities of fruits and vegetables (47, 48).

Its been suggested that citrus fruits and black raspberries may be especially helpful.

One study of 398 ulcerative colitis patients and 616 controls found higher disease rates in those with low intake of citrus fruits. It was not clear whether citrus fruits alone protect against the disease, or if those who eat more citrus simply have higher quality diets. More research is needed (49).

And a study of mice with experimental colitis found that a diet consisting of 5% of calories from black raspberries protected against ulcers (50).

Many fruits and vegetables contain FODMAPs, and some people with ulcerative colitis may find that certain types cause digestive symptoms.

Patients with pain, gas or bloating during remission may wish to work with a dietitian to identify any FODMAP sensitivities. And some may find it helpful to avoid higher-fiber fruits and vegetables during flares.

Research on dietary fats and ulcerative colitis is murky, with results from different studies seeming to contradict each other.

The disease has been associated with high intake of all forms of dietary fat. But some studies suggest omega-6 fatty acids increase risk while omega-3 fatty acids are protective (48, 51).

Some of the richest dietary sources of omega-3 fats come from fish. But animal protein, including fish, is linked to higher rates of disease (7).

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Nutrition and Ulcerative Colitis: Understanding the Research - The Good Men Project