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History of biotechnology – Wikipedia

Posted: Published on October 21st, 2016

Biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services.[1] From its inception, biotechnology has maintained a close relationship with society. Although now most often associated with the development of drugs, historically biotechnology has been principally associated with food, addressing such issues as malnutrition and famine. The history of biotechnology begins with zymotechnology, which commenced with a focus on brewing techniques for beer. By World War I, however, zymotechnology would expand to tackle larger industrial issues, and the potential of industrial fermentation gave rise to biotechnology. However, both the single-cell protein and gasohol projects failed to progress due to varying issues including public resistance, a changing economic scene, and shifts in political power. Yet the formation of a new field, genetic engineering, would soon bring biotechnology to the forefront of science in society, and the intimate relationship between the scientific community, the public, and the government would ensue. These debates gained exposure in 1975 at the Asilomar Conference, where Joshua Lederberg was the most outspoken supporter for this emerging field in biotechnology. By as early as 1978, with the development of synthetic human insulin, Lederberg's claims would prove … Continue reading →

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Genetics – Wikipedia

Posted: Published on October 20th, 2016

This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal). Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.[1][2] It is generally considered a field of biology, but it intersects frequently with many of the life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems. The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied 'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits were handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance) and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of sub-fields including epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the … Continue reading →

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Biotechnology – Wikipedia

Posted: Published on October 20th, 2016

"Bioscience" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see BioScience. For life sciences generally, see life science. Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).[1] Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and medicine.[2] The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Kroly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st century, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.[2] The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue … Continue reading →

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Biological engineering – Wikipedia

Posted: Published on October 20th, 2016

Biological engineering or bio-engineering (including biological systems engineering) is the application of concepts and methods of biology (and secondarily of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science) to solve real-world problems related to life sciences or the application thereof, using engineering's own analytical and synthetic methodologies and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and practicality of the solution(s) arrived at. In this context, while traditional engineering applies physical and mathematical sciences to analyze, design and manufacture inanimate tools, structures and processes, biological engineering uses primarily the rapidly developing body of knowledge known as molecular biology to study and advance applications of organisms and to create biotechnology.This may eventually include the possibility of biologically engineering machines and 3D printing that re-order matter at a molecular scale. Physicist Richard Feynman theorized about the idea of a medical use for these biological machines, introduced into the body, to repair or detect damages and infections. . Feynman and Albert Hibbs suggested that it might one day be possible to (as Feynman put it) "swallow the doctor". The idea was discussed in Feynman's 1959 essay There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.[1] Industrial bio-engineering extends from the creation of artificial organs by technical means or … Continue reading →

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Clinical Guidelines and Recommendations | Agency for …

Posted: Published on October 20th, 2016

National Guideline Clearinghouse The National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), an AHRQ initiative, is a publicly available database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related documents. Updated weekly with new content, the NGC provides physicians and other health professionals, health care providers, health plans, integrated delivery systems, purchasers, and others an accessible mechanism for obtaining objective, detailed information on clinical practice guidelines and to further their dissemination, implementation, and use. Created in 1984, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF or Task Force) is an independent group of national experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine that works to improve the health of all Americans by making evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services such as screenings, counseling services, or preventive medications. The USPSTF is made up of 16 volunteer members who come from the fields of preventive medicine and primary care, including internal medicine, family medicine, pediatrics, behavioral health, obstetrics/gynecology, and nursing. All members volunteer their time to serve on the USPSTF, and most are practicing clinicians. The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services includes U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations on screening, counseling, and preventive medication topics and includes clinical considerations for each topic. This new pocket guide is an authoritative source … Continue reading →

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Embryology – Wikipedia

Posted: Published on October 19th, 2016

This article is about the development of embryos in animals. For the development of plant embryos, see Sporophyte. Embryology (from Greek , embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -, -logia) is the branch of biology that studies the development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology is the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth.[1] After cleavage, the dividing cells, or morula, becomes a hollow ball, or blastula, which develops a hole or pore at one end. In bilateral animals, the blastula develops in one of two ways that divides the whole animal kingdom into two halves (see: Embryological origins of the mouth and anus). If in the blastula the first pore (blastopore) becomes the mouth of the animal, it is a protostome; if the first pore becomes the anus then it is a deuterostome. The protostomes include most invertebrate animals, such as insects, worms and molluscs, while the deuterostomes include the vertebrates. In due course, the blastula changes into a more differentiated structure called the gastrula. The gastrula with its blastopore soon develops three distinct layers of cells (the germ layers) from which all the bodily organs and tissues then develop: Embryos in … Continue reading →

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Cardiology (album) – Wikipedia

Posted: Published on October 19th, 2016

Cardiology Studio album by Good Charlotte Released October27,2010(2010-10-27) Recorded August 2009April 2010 at Studio Can Am, Tarzana, CA; Armoury Studios, Vancouver, B.C.; The Warehouse Studio, Vancouver, B.C. Genre Pop punk, pop rock, alternative rock Length 46:52 Label Capitol Producer Don Gilmore Good Charlotte chronology Singles from Cardiology Cardiology is the fifth studio album by Good Charlotte. After various updates and uncertainty, it was finally announced the album would be released on November 2, 2010 through Capitol Records.[1] Certain disruptions in the release involve the decision to re-record the entire album. As of September 2011, the album has sold over 52,000 copies.[2] On December 3, 2008, Kerrang! magazine announced that Good Charlotte would be releasing their fifth studio album, Cardiology in 2009. The title of which, according to Benji Madden, comes from the lyrical content of the album, which he explained: "all is connected to the heart".[3] At the time, Madden also added that they had already written 20 songs for the album, and are said to be heading back to their pop punk roots. Describing the sound to MTV news, Joel Madden said "There's nothing dance-y on the record, though, at all, which is different from our last one,"[4] further … Continue reading →

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Cardiology – Greater Baltimore Medical Center

Posted: Published on October 19th, 2016

The Division of Cardiology provides a full range of non-invasive testing including stress tests, stress radionuclide studies, conventional and transesophageal echocardiography, on-site Holter monitoring and transtelephonic event monitoring. The Cardiac Catheterization Lab offers pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, ablation procedures and diagnostic catheterization. Program Benefits to Patients and Physicians: To find a cardiologist who is right for you, call 443-849-GBMC (4262) or follow the link to Find a Doctor. Dr. Riley earned his medical degree and completed his residency at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He completed his Cardiology fellowship training at Duke University. He is board-certified in Cardiology. On the GBMC campus, there are four different cardiology offices for patients' consideration. These include the office of Louis Grenzer, MD, the Johns Hopkins Cardiology office, the office of Robert Medalie, MD, and Michael Pressel, MD, and the office of MidAtlantic Cardiovascular Associates. Heart disease is the number one killer of Americans, causing 40 percent of American deaths. It affects both men and women, so everyone should at least think about being at risk for heart disease. Conditions that may put a person at a higher risk for heart disease include family history of heart disease, personal history of hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol and tobacco … Continue reading →

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Biology – Wikipedia

Posted: Published on October 19th, 2016

"Biological science" redirects here. It is not to be confused with life science. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy.[1] Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis. Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions among biological molecules; botany studies the biology of plants; cellular biology examines the basic building-block of all life, the … Continue reading →

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2016 Market Research Reports on 5000+ Sectors at …

Posted: Published on October 19th, 2016

Notes: Sales, means the sales volume of 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol Sodium Salt Hydrate Revenue, means the sales value of 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol Sodium Salt Hydrate This report studies sales (consumption) of 2,6-Di October 2016 $3400 Notes: Production, means the output of Supplier Relationship Management Software Revenue, means the sales value of Supplier Relationship Management Software This report studies the global Supplier Relationship Management October 2016 $3300 Notes: Sales, means the sales volume of Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) Glass Revenue, means the sales value of Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) Glass This report studies sales (consumption) of Transparent Conducting October 2016 $3900 Notes: Sales, means the sales volume of Touchfree Intuitive Gesture Control Revenue, means the sales value of Touchfree Intuitive Gesture Control This report studies sales (consumption) of Touchfree Intuitive Gesture Cont October 2016 $3900 Notes: Sales, means the sales volume of Spool Solenoid Valves Revenue, means the sales value of Spool Solenoid Valves This report studies sales (consumption) of Spool Solenoid Valves in Europe market, especially in German October 2016 $3900 Notes: Sales, means the sales volume of Solar Pipe Revenue, means the sales value of Solar Pipe This report studies sales (consumption) of Solar Pipe in Europe market, especially in Germany, UK, France, … Continue reading →

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