As of November 2014, nine disease-modifying treatments have been approved by regulatory agencies of different countries, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and the Japanese PMDA. The approved drugs with their trademarks are interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif, CinnoVex, ReciGen, Plegridy), interferon beta-1b (Betaseron), glatiramer acetate (Copaxone), mitoxantrone (Novantrone), natalizumab (Tysabri), fingolimod (Gilenya), teriflunomide (Aubagio),[5][7][8]dimethyl fumarate (BG12, Tecfidera).[9][10] and alemtuzumab (Campath, Lemtrada)[11] In 1993 interferon beta-1b was the first drug to ever be approved for MS, being soon followed by interferon beta-1a and glatiramer acetate.[12] Interferon beta-1a is injected either weekly (intramuscular injection) or three times a week (subcutaneous injection) depending on commercial formulations,[13][14] while interferon beta-1b is injected subcutaneously every second day.[15] In 2014, a pegylated form of interferon beta-1a was introduced with the brand name Plegridy, which is available as a subcutaneous injection.[16] This peginterferon beta 1-a attaches polyethylene glycol to the interferon molecules allowing longer lasting biological effects in the body while decreasing the frequency of administration to once every two weeks.[17]Interferon beta balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the bloodbrain barrier.[18] Overall, therapy with interferon beta … Continue reading
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