Ruth DeFries, chair of the department of ecology, evolution, and environmental biology at Columbia University, in New York, and author of The Big Ratchet: How Humanity Thrives in the Face of Natural Crisis, has spent much of her life looking down at Earth from a great height, using satellite images to track human development. But to understand how we went from being hunter-gatherers to a species that so completely dominates the planet, she had to go much further back in time. Speaking from her home in New York, she guides us from the rain forest of Brazil to the latest developments in foods containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs). On the way she explains why food is at the heart of human civilization, what we need to do to feed the world in the coming decades, and why it's not just the quantity of the food we produce that matters, but also the quality. My dictionary says a ratchet is either a tool or rap slang for a diva. What's the "Big Ratchet"? A ratchet is a colloquial urban term, as you suggest. But it's also a mechanical tool. You turn the ratchet in one direction, and you can't go back. … Continue reading
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