Dysphagia facts Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing. Swallowing is a complex action involving the muscles and nerves within the pharynx and esophagus, a swallowing center in the brain, and nerves that connect the pharynx and esophagus to the swallowing center. Dysphagia should be differentiated from odynophagia and globus sensation. General causes of dysphagia can be grouped as either oropharyngeal or esophageal. Specific causes include physical obstruction of the pharynx or esophagus, diseases of the brain, diseases of the smooth muscle of the esophagus, diseases of skeletal muscle of the pharynx, and miscellaneous diseases. Symptoms of dysphagia may be swallowing-related or non-swallowing-related. The differential diagnosis of dysphagia includes odynophagia and globus sensation, tracheo-esophageal fistula, rumination syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and heart disease. Evaluation and diagnosis of the cause of dysphagia includes history, physical examination, endoscopy, X-rays, esophageal manometry, esophageal impedence, esophageal acid testing, and tests for the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy and metabolic myopathies. The treatment of dysphagia depends primarily on its cause. Newer diagnostic procedures for the evaluation and diagnosis of the cause of dysphagia include high resolution or 3D manometry and endoscopic ultrasonography. What is dysphagia? Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty swallowing, derived from … Continue reading
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