Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology – Medscape Reference

Posted: Published on April 10th, 2018

This post was added by Alex Diaz-Granados

Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al, for the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Mar 7. 135 (10):e146-e603. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec. 42(6):1206-52. [Medline].

Katakam R, Brukamp K, Townsend RR. What is the proper workup of a patient with hypertension?. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008 Sep. 75(9):663-72. [Medline].

Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Hypertension diagnosis and treatment. Bloomington, Minn: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI); 2010.

Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Sacco RL, et al. Sodium, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease: further evidence supporting the American Heart Association sodium reduction recommendations. Circulation. 2012 Dec 11. 126 (24):2880-9. [Medline].

O'Riordan M. New European hypertension guidelines released: goal is less than 140 mm Hg for all. Heartwire from Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806367. June 15, 2013; Accessed: June 24, 2013.

[Guideline] Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. 23rd European Meeting on Hypertension & Cardiovascular Protection. Available at http://www.esh2013.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ESC-ESH-Guidelines-2013.pdf. Accessed: June 24, 2013.

[Guideline] James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014 Feb 5. 311 (5):507-20. [Medline].

Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA. 2003 Jul 9. 290(2):199-206. [Medline].

Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese VM. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: significance, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999 Dec. 34(6):973-95. [Medline].

Shayne PH, Pitts SR. Severely increased blood pressure in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 Apr. 41(4):513-29. [Medline].

Rhoades R, Planzer R. Human Physiology. 3rd. Fort Worth, TX: Saunders College Publishing; 1996.

Gandhi SK, Powers JC, Nomeir AM, Fowle K, Kitzman DW, Rankin KM, et al. The pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema associated with hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 4. 344(1):17-22. [Medline].

Madhur MS, Lob HE, McCann LA, et al. Interleukin 17 promotes angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. Hypertension. 2010 Feb. 55 (2):500-7. [Medline].

Venegas-Pont M, Manigrasso MB, Grifoni SC, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist etanercept decreases blood pressure and protects the kidney in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypertension. 2010 Oct. 56 (4):643-9. [Medline].

Kirabo A, Fontana V, de Faria AP, et al. DC isoketal-modified proteins activate T cells and promote hypertension. J Clin Invest. 2014 Oct. 124 (10):4642-56. [Medline].

Harrison DG, Guzik TJ, Lob HE, et al. Inflammation, immunity, and hypertension. Hypertension. 2011 Feb. 57(2):132-40. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Guzik TJ, Hoch NE, Brown KA, et al. Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. J Exp Med. 2007 Oct 1. 204(10):2449-60. [Medline].

Madhur MS, Lob HE, McCann LA, et al. Interleukin 17 promotes angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. Hypertension. 2010 Feb. 55(2):500-7. [Medline].

Hamer M, Steptoe A. Cortisol responses to mental stress and incident hypertension in healthy men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan. 97(1):E29-34. [Medline].

Rule AD, Fridley BL, Hunt SC, Asmann Y, Boerwinkle E, Pankow JS, et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis for uric acid in families enriched for hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 Aug. 24(8):2414-20. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Jermendy G, Horvath T, Littvay L, et al. Effect of genetic and environmental influences on cardiometabolic risk factors: a twin study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011 Nov 3. 10:96. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Mitchell GF, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al. Heritability and a genome-wide linkage scan for arterial stiffness, wave reflection, and mean arterial pressure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2005 Jul 12. 112(2):194-9. [Medline].

Levy D, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al. Evidence for a gene influencing blood pressure on chromosome 17. Genome scan linkage results for longitudinal blood pressure phenotypes in subjects from the framingham heart study. Hypertension. 2000 Oct. 36(4):477-83. [Medline].

Coffman TM. Under pressure: the search for the essential mechanisms of hypertension. Nat Med. 2011 Nov 7. 17(11):1402-9. [Medline].

Millis RM. Epigenetics and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011 Feb. 13(1):21-8. [Medline].

Brown MJ. Hypertension and ethnic group. BMJ. 2006 Apr 8. 332(7545):833-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Goldblatt H, Lynch J, Hanzal RF, Summerville WW. Studies on experimental hypertension: I. The production of persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure by means of renal ischemia. J Exp Med. 1934 Feb 28. 59 (3):347-79. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Feldstein CA. Blood pressure effects of CPAP in nonresistant and resistant hypertension associated with OSA: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2016. 38 (4):337-46. [Medline].

McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, et al, for the SAVE Investigators and Coordinators. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 8. 375 (10):919-31. [Medline].

Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management. Chest. 2007 Jun. 131(6):1949-62. [Medline].

Rodriguez MA, Kumar SK, De Caro M. Hypertensive crisis. Cardiol Rev. 2010 Mar-Apr. 18(2):102-7. [Medline].

Hollander JE. Cocaine intoxication and hypertension. Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Mar. 51(3 Suppl):S18-20. [Medline].

Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005 Jan 15-21. 365 (9455):217-23. [Medline].

Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR, et al, for the GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015 Dec 5. 386 (10010):2287-323. [Medline].

GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015 Jan 10. 385 (9963):117-71. [Medline].

Harrison L. Hypertension ER visits surge 25% in five years. Heartwire from Medsape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/831531. September 11, 2014; Accessed: September 12, 2014.

Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al, for the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Jan 27. 131 (4):e29-322. [Medline].

Ong YT, Wong TY, Klein R, Klein BE, Mitchell P, Sharrett AR, et al. Hypertensive Retinopathy and Risk of Stroke. Hypertension. 2013 Aug 12. [Medline].

Brooks M. Hypertensive Retinopathy Linked to Increased Stroke Risk. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/809541. Accessed: August 20, 2013.

Huang Y, Cai X, Li Y, et al. Prehypertension and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2014 Mar 12. [Medline].

Hughes S. Even prehypertension increases stroke risk: meta-analysis. Medscape Medical News. March 14, 2014. [Full Text].

Webster J, Petrie JC, Jeffers TA, Lovell HG. Accelerated hypertension--patterns of mortality and clinical factors affecting outcome in treated patients. Q J Med. 1993 Aug. 86(8):485-93. [Medline].

Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Serum uric acid and risk for cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Jul 6. 131(1):7-13. [Medline].

Mortality after 10 1/2 years for hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Circulation. 1990 Nov. 82(5):1616-28. [Medline].

Chen G, McAlister FA, Walker RL, Hemmelgarn BR, Campbell NR. Cardiovascular outcomes in framingham participants with diabetes: the importance of blood pressure. Hypertension. 2011 May. 57(5):891-7. [Medline].

Ford ES. Trends in mortality from all causes and cardiovascular disease among hypertensive and nonhypertensive adults in the United States. Circulation. 2011 Apr 26. 123(16):1737-44. [Medline].

Bombelli M, Facchetti R, Sega R, Carugo S, Fodri D, Brambilla G, et al. Impact of body mass index and waist circumference on the long-term risk of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiac organ damage. Hypertension. 2011 Dec. 58(6):1029-35. [Medline].

Redon J, Campos C, Narciso ML, Rodicio JL, Pascual JM, Ruilope LM. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in refractory hypertension: a prospective study. Hypertension. 1998 Feb. 31(2):712-8. [Medline].

Wong TY, Mitchell P. Hypertensive retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 25. 351(22):2310-7. [Medline].

Zampaglione B, Pascale C, Marchisio M, Cavallo-Perin P. Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. Prevalence and clinical presentation. Hypertension. 1996 Jan. 27(1):144-7. [Medline].

Staykov D, Schwab S. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Intensive Care Med. 2012 Feb. 27(1):11-24. [Medline].

McCord J, Mundy BJ, Hudson MP, Maisel AS, Hollander JE, Abraham WT. Relationship between obesity and B-type natriuretic peptide levels. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Nov 8. 164(20):2247-52. [Medline].

Mammaro A, Carrara S, Cavaliere A, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Prenat Med. 2009 Jan. 3 (1):1-5. [Medline].

US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA approves label changes to include intestinal problems (sprue-like enteropathy) linked to blood pressure medicine olmesartan medoxomil. July 3, 2013. [Full Text].

Wang IK, Muo CH, Chang YC, Liang JC, Chang CT, Lin SY, et al. Association between hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and end-stage renal disease: a population-based study. CMAJ. 2013 Jan 21. [Medline].

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov. 122 (5):1122-31. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: changing definitions and new concepts of physiology and pathophysiology both inside and outside the kidney. Physiol Rev. 2016 Oct. 96 (4):1327-84. [Medline].

Pickering TG, James GD, Boddie C, Harshfield GA, Blank S, Laragh JH. How common is white coat hypertension?. JAMA. 1988 Jan 8. 259(2):225-8. [Medline].

Stiles S. Framingham Criteria Predict New Hypertension Better Than Prehypertension in Young Adults. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811416. Accessed: September 30, 2013.

Carson AP, Lewis CE, Jacobs DR Jr, Peralta CA, Steffen LM, Bower JK, et al. Evaluating the Framingham Hypertension Risk Prediction Model in Young Adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Hypertension. 2013 Sep 16. [Medline].

Olin JW, Piedmonte MR, Young JR, DeAnna S, Grubb M, Childs MB. The utility of duplex ultrasound scanning of the renal arteries for diagnosing significant renal artery stenosis. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jun 1. 122(11):833-8. [Medline].

US Food and Drug Administration. Information on gadolinium-based contrast agents. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm142882.htm. Accessed: February 22, 2012.

Cortigiani L, Bigi R, Landi P, Bovenzi F, Picano E, Sicari R. Prognostic implication of stress echocardiography in 6214 hypertensive and 5328 normotensive patients. Eur Heart J. 2011 Jun. 32(12):1509-18. [Medline].

Redon J, Cifkova R, Laurent S, Nilsson P, Narkiewicz K, Erdine S, et al. Mechanisms of hypertension in the cardiometabolic syndrome. J Hypertens. 2009 Mar. 27(3):441-51. [Medline].

[Guideline] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2016 abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes. 2016 Jan. 34 (1):3-21. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Briasoulis A, Bakris GL. Current status of renal denervation in hypertension. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016 Nov. 18 (11):107. [Medline].

Forman JP, Scheven L, de Jong PE, Bakker SJ, Curhan GC, Gansevoort RT. Association between sodium intake and change in uric acid, urine albumin excretion, and the risk of developing hypertension. Circulation. 2012 Jun 26. 125(25):3108-16. [Medline].

[Guideline] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2011. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan. 34 Suppl 1:S11-61. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013 Apr 3. [Medline].

Ried K, Sullivan T, Fakler P, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2010 Jun 28. 8:39. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Fahey T, Schroeder K, Ebrahim S. Interventions used to improve control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19. CD005182. [Medline].

Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Hinderliter A, et al. Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE study. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jan 25. 170 (2):126-35. [Medline].

Boggs W. Benazepril plus amlodipine effective for high-risk, stage 2 hypertension. Medscape Medical News. May 3, 2013. [Full Text].

Bakris G, Briasoulis A, Dahlof B, et al, for the ACCOMPLISH Investigators. Comparison of benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide in high-risk patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2013 Jul 15. 112 (2):255-9. [Medline].

[Guideline] James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2013 Dec 18. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Wood S. JNC 8 at last! Guidelines ease up on BP thresholds, drug choices. Heartwire. December 18, 2013. [Full Text].

Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 29. 362(17):1575-85. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlf B, Pitt B, Shi V, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008 Dec 4. 359(23):2417-28. [Medline].

Ruggenenti P, Lauria G, Iliev IP, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, Rota S, et al. Effects of manidipine and delapril in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the delapril and manidipine for nephroprotection in diabetes (DEMAND) randomized clinical trial. Hypertension. 2011 Nov. 58(5):776-83. [Medline].

O'Riordan M. Spironolactone provides benefit in resistant hypertension, small study shows. Medscape Medical News [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806388. June 17, 2013; Accessed: July 29, 2013.

Pancioli AM. Hypertension management in neurologic emergencies. Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Mar. 51(3 Suppl):S24-7. [Medline].

Slovis CM, Reddi AS. Increased blood pressure without evidence of acute end organ damage. Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Mar. 51(3 Suppl):S7-9. [Medline].

Blowey DL, Duda PJ, Stokes P, Hall M. Incidence and treatment of hypertension in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2011 Nov-Dec. 5(6):478-83. [Medline].

JATOS Study Group. Principal results of the Japanese trial to assess optimal systolic blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients (JATOS). Hypertens Res. 2008 Dec. 31 (12):2115-27. [Medline].

Ogihara T, Saruta T, Rakugi H, et al, for the Valsartan in Elderly Isolated Systolic Hypertension Study Group. Target blood pressure for treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: valsartan in elderly isolated systolic hypertension study. Hypertension. 2010 Aug. 56 (2):196-202. [Medline].

Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, et al, for theSPRINT Research Group. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged 75 years: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Jun 28. 315 (24):2673-82. [Medline].

Kostis JB, Cabrera J, Cheng JQ, Cosgrove NM, Deng Y, Pressel SL, et al. Association between chlorthalidone treatment of systolic hypertension and long-term survival. JAMA. 2011 Dec 21. 306(23):2588-93. [Medline].

Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhger WH, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997 Sep 13. 350(9080):757-64. [Medline].

Weinberger MH, Izzo JL Jr, Purkayastha D, Weitzman R, Black HR. Comparative efficacy and safety of combination aliskiren/amlodipine and amlodipine monotherapy in African Americans with stage 2 hypertension and obesity or metabolic syndrome. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2011 Nov-Dec. 5(6):489-97. [Medline].

Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA. Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2003 Nov. 16(11 Pt 1):925-30. [Medline].

de la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR, Gorostidi M, de la Cruz JJ, Armario P, et al. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension. 2011 May. 57(5):898-902. [Medline].

Townsend RR, Epstein M. Resistant hypertension: insights on evaluation and management in the post-SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) era. Hypertension. 2016 Nov. 68 (5):1073-1080. [Medline].

Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R, et al. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet. 2009 Apr 11. 373(9671):1275-81. [Medline].

Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 months. Hypertension. 2011 May. 57(5):911-7. [Medline].

Esler MD, Krum H, Sobotka PA, et al. Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Dec 4. 376(9756):1903-9. [Medline].

Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O'Neill WW, et al, for the SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Investigators. A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 10. 370 (15):1393-401. [Medline].

Bisognano JD, Bakris G, Nadim MK, Sanchez L, Kroon AA, Schafer J, et al. Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled rheos pivotal trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 9. 58(7):765-73. [Medline].

de La Sierra A, Larrousse M, Oliveras A, Armario P, Hernndez-Del Rey R, Poch E, et al. Abnormalities of vascular function in resistant hypertension. Blood Press. 2012 Apr. 21(2):104-9. [Medline].

Mariampillai JE, Eskas PA, Heimark S, et al. Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension - patient-physician relationship and ethical issues. Blood Press. 2017 Jun. 26 (3):133-8. [Medline].

View original post here:

Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology - Medscape Reference

Related Posts
This entry was posted in Hypertension. Bookmark the permalink.

Comments are closed.