Spastic cerebral palsy is the type of cerebral palsy wherein spasticity is the exclusive impairment present. Itself an umbrella term encompassing spastic hemiplegia, spastic diplegia, spastic quadriplegia and where solely one limb or one specific area of the body is affected spastic monoplegia. Spastic cerebral palsy affects the cerebral cortex[1] and is overwhelmingly the most common type of overall cerebral palsy.
The Society for Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE) estimates that the spasticity-only cerebral palsy classification sweeps in 90% of global cerebral palsy cases. But even if the 90% assertion is an exaggeration, more conservative scientific estimates still place the prevalence of spasticity-dominant or spasticity-only cerebral palsy at anywhere from 7080% of all cases, leaving cases dominated by ataxic cerebral palsy, dyskinetic cerebral palsy and athetoid cerebral palsy trailing at 2030%.[medical citation needed]
People with the spastic/spasticity type of CP are hypertonici.e., they present with very stiff and tight muscle groups, far greater than typical humansand have what is essentially a neuromuscular mobility impairment (rather than hypotonia or paralysis) which stems from an upper motor neuron lesion in the brain. The corticospinal tract or the motor cortex may be secondarily affected.
Spastic muscles are continuously contracting, or "tight", because the corresponding nerves permanently over-fire the command to tighten. This is caused by their inability to properly absorb GABA, or gamma amino butyric acid. The tightness, in addition to restricting movement, also acts as an overwhelming opposing force to neighbouring muscles and joints, eventually leaving the entire skeleton deformed. Ankle equines and hip migration are the two most prevalent deformities in children with cerebral palsy. [2], [3] Abnormal postures or deformities are usually associated with the antigravity muscles, which are extensors in the leg and the flexors in the arm. At the beginning these deformities are dynamic in nature but over time they become static or fixed also known as joint contractures. This is especially true if physiotherapy is not instituted in a timely and adequate fashion. [2], [3], [4]
Changes in spasticity and corresponding postures may also occur with other brain activity, such as excitement, fear or anxiety, or even pain, which increase muscle tension.
A person with spastic CP will commonly show, in addition to higher muscle tone, persistent primitive reflexes, greater stretch reflexes, plantar reflex, and ankle clonus.[5]
A third of people with cerebral palsy have seizures - this is most common in spastic CP.[6]. Audiovisual, cognitive compromise and behavioral disorders can occur.
The upper motor neuron lesion in the brain impairs the ability of some nerve receptors in the spine to properly receive gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). That leads to hypertonia in the muscles signaled by those damaged nerves. The limbs and body areas in which hypertonia manifests can be any or even all of them, depending which specific nerve groupings within the spine are rendered unable to receive GABA. Thus, spastic CP is often designated by body topography.
In some cases, spastic cerebral palsy is caused by genetic factors.[7]The genetic factors for spastic cerebral palsy include:
Although it has its origins in a brain injury, spastic CP can largely be thought of as a collection of orthopaedic and neuromuscular issues because of how it manifests symptomatically over the course of the person's lifespan. It is therefore not the same as "brain damage" and it need not be thought of as such. Spastic quadriplegia in particular, especially if it is combined with verbal speech challenges and strabismus, may be misinterpreted by the general population as alluding to cognitive dimensions to the disability atop the physical ones, but this is false; the intelligence of a person with any type of spastic CP is unaffected by the condition of the spasticity itself.
In spastic cerebral palsy in children with low birth weights, 25% of children had hemiplegia, 37.5% had quadriplegia, and 37.5% had diplegia.[13]
In any manifestation of spastic CP, clonus of the affected limb(s) may intermittently result, as well as muscle spasms, each of which results from the pain and/or stress of the tightness experienced, indicating especially hard-working and/or exhausted musculature. The spasticity itself can and usually does also lead to very early onset of muscle-stress symptoms like arthritis and tendinitis, especially in ambulatory individuals in their mid-20s and early-30s. As compared to other types of CP, however, and especially as compared to hypotonic CP or more general paralytic mobility disabilities, spastic CP is typically more easily manageable by the person affected, and medical treatment can be pursued on a multitude of orthopaedic and neurological fronts throughout life.
Physical therapy and occupational therapy regimens of assisted stretching, strengthening, functional tasks, and/or targeted physical activity and exercise are usually the chief ways to keep spastic CP well-managed, although if the spasticity is too much for the person to handle, other remedies may be considered, such as various antispasmodic medications, botox, baclofen, or even a neurosurgery known as a selective dorsal rhizotomy (which eliminates the spasticity by eliminating the nerves causing it).
Spasticity increases as people with spastic CP age.[14]Cerebral palsy, including spastic cerebral palsy, is notable for a glaring overall research deficiencythe fact that it is one of the very few major groups of conditions on the planet in human beings for which medical science has not yet (as of 2011) collected wide-ranging empirical data on the development and experiences of young adults, the middle aged and older adults. An especially puzzling aspect of this lies in the fact that cerebral palsy as defined by modern science was first "discovered" and specifically addressed well over 100years ago and that it would therefore be reasonable to expect by now that at least some empirical data on the adult populations with these conditions would have long since been collected, especially over the second half of the 20thcentury when existing treatment technologies rapidly improved and new ones came into being. The vast majority of empirical data on the various forms of cerebral palsy is concerned near-exclusively with children (birth to about 10years of age) and sometimes pre-teens and early teens (1113). Some doctors attempt to provide their own personal justifications for keeping their CP specialities purely paediatric, but there is no objectively apparent set of reasons backed by any scientific consensus as to why medical science has made a point of researching adult cases of multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and the various forms of cancer in young and older adults, but has failed to do so with CP.
Follow this link:
Spastic cerebral palsy - Wikipedia
- Muscular Dystrophy - OrthoInfo - AAOS - December 25th, 2017 [December 25th, 2017]
- Adult Stem Cells - Therapies and Treatments - January 3rd, 2018 [January 3rd, 2018]
- Stem Cell Treatment for Cerebral Palsy Beike Biotechnology - January 22nd, 2018 [January 22nd, 2018]
- Crohns Disease and Ulcerative Colitis - February 6th, 2018 [February 6th, 2018]
- Ulcerative Colitis - Drugs.com - February 6th, 2018 [February 6th, 2018]
- Eczema Symptoms | Causes | Treatments | Types | Triggers - March 2nd, 2018 [March 2nd, 2018]
- Atopic Eczema - Patient - March 12th, 2018 [March 12th, 2018]
- Arnold Schwarzenegger undergoes heart surgery | Film | The ... - April 4th, 2018 [April 4th, 2018]
- Arnold Schwarzenegger Undergoes Emergency Heart Surgery - April 4th, 2018 [April 4th, 2018]
- Cardiac Surgery - University of California, San Francisco ... - April 4th, 2018 [April 4th, 2018]
- Cerebral Palsy Spasticity in Children - Causes, Effects ... - May 6th, 2018 [May 6th, 2018]
- Cardiac catheterization - Mayo Clinic - May 22nd, 2018 [May 22nd, 2018]
- Welcome to the ABG Tutorial - Welcome to Hansen Nursing - May 22nd, 2018 [May 22nd, 2018]
- UKNEQAS for Molecular Genetics - May 23rd, 2018 [May 23rd, 2018]
- Congenital Heart Defects, Simplified - May 23rd, 2018 [May 23rd, 2018]
- Interventional radiology - Wikipedia - May 27th, 2018 [May 27th, 2018]
- Heart Rhythm Abnormalities (Arrhythmias) - NYP.org - May 30th, 2018 [May 30th, 2018]
- Cardiac rhythm abnormalities - symptoms and treatment ... - May 30th, 2018 [May 30th, 2018]
- Pediatric Heart Institute | Children's Hospital Vanderbilt - June 2nd, 2018 [June 2nd, 2018]
- Concentric Remodeling - Cardioserv - June 5th, 2018 [June 5th, 2018]
- Aegean Conferences - June 7th, 2018 [June 7th, 2018]
- 2018 Cardiac Regulatory Mechanisms Conference GRC - June 7th, 2018 [June 7th, 2018]
- Fight Heart Disease - Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute - June 7th, 2018 [June 7th, 2018]
- NHS Direct Wales - Encyclopaedia : Ulcerative colitis - June 11th, 2018 [June 11th, 2018]
- Cannabis Treatment for Parkinson's Disease Green Rush Daily - June 11th, 2018 [June 11th, 2018]
- Diuretics - Pharmacology - Merck Veterinary Manual - June 18th, 2018 [June 18th, 2018]
- 2018 Multiscale Plant Vascular Biology Conference GRC - June 23rd, 2018 [June 23rd, 2018]
- Cerebral Palsy Treatment | Birth Injury Guide - July 9th, 2018 [July 9th, 2018]
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology | University of Maryland ... - July 11th, 2018 [July 11th, 2018]
- Nuclear Medicine - Molecular Imaging - Nuclear Medicine ... - July 11th, 2018 [July 11th, 2018]
- Blood vessel - Wikipedia - July 12th, 2018 [July 12th, 2018]
- What is Atrial Fibrillation (AF)? - Heart Foundation NZ - July 15th, 2018 [July 15th, 2018]
- EBR Systems, Inc - July 17th, 2018 [July 17th, 2018]
- Coronary artery disease - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic - July 29th, 2018 [July 29th, 2018]
- CV Physiology | Ventricular and Atrial Hypertrophy and ... - July 31st, 2018 [July 31st, 2018]
- Cardiac Surgery Advanced life Support - Home - August 2nd, 2018 [August 2nd, 2018]
- Cardiac Nursing Care: NCP - 5 Nursing Diagnosis for ... - August 2nd, 2018 [August 2nd, 2018]
- Welcome to Hansen Nursing - August 2nd, 2018 [August 2nd, 2018]
- TARA / Innovating predictive cardiac physiology - August 18th, 2018 [August 18th, 2018]
- Board of Directors Summary - Victor Chang Cardiac Research ... - August 18th, 2018 [August 18th, 2018]
- Wound Care - KRMC - September 19th, 2018 [September 19th, 2018]
- Welcome to the ABG Tutorial - Welcome to Hansen - October 13th, 2018 [October 13th, 2018]
- Sudden Death in Dogs - Pet Health Network - October 15th, 2018 [October 15th, 2018]
- gmcheart.com - Cardiovascular Services at Gwinnett Medical ... - November 14th, 2018 [November 14th, 2018]
- Interventional Cardiology | WVU Heart and Vascular Institute - November 21st, 2018 [November 21st, 2018]
- Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) | Symptoms and Causes - November 22nd, 2018 [November 22nd, 2018]
- Cerebral Palsy | Boston Children's Hospital - November 27th, 2018 [November 27th, 2018]
- Cerebral Palsy | Cleveland Clinic - November 27th, 2018 [November 27th, 2018]
- Cerebral Palsy - November 27th, 2018 [November 27th, 2018]
- Cerebral Palsy Diagnosis and Treatments | Gillette Children's ... - November 27th, 2018 [November 27th, 2018]
- Cerebral palsy | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ... - November 27th, 2018 [November 27th, 2018]
- Cerebral Palsy - CHASA - November 27th, 2018 [November 27th, 2018]
- Cerebral Palsy Symptoms & Types - WebMD - November 27th, 2018 [November 27th, 2018]
- Cerebral palsy - NHS - November 27th, 2018 [November 27th, 2018]
- Ventricle (heart) - Wikipedia - December 4th, 2018 [December 4th, 2018]
- Cardiomyopathy - Wikipedia - December 5th, 2018 [December 5th, 2018]
- Cardiomyopathy - British Heart Foundation - December 5th, 2018 [December 5th, 2018]
- Cardiomyopathy | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ... - December 5th, 2018 [December 5th, 2018]
- Community Mental Health Centers - MS Department of Mental ... - December 9th, 2018 [December 9th, 2018]
- Atopic dermatitis (eczema) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic - December 23rd, 2018 [December 23rd, 2018]
- Dermatitis - Wikipedia - December 23rd, 2018 [December 23rd, 2018]
- Eczema Symptoms & Causes | National Eczema Association - December 23rd, 2018 [December 23rd, 2018]
- Eating too much added sugar increases the risk of dying ... - December 25th, 2018 [December 25th, 2018]
- Heart Diseases & Disorders - December 25th, 2018 [December 25th, 2018]
- 5 Types of Heart Disease Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes ... - December 25th, 2018 [December 25th, 2018]
- Different heart diseases - World Heart Federation - December 25th, 2018 [December 25th, 2018]
- Cardiovascular disease - Wikipedia - December 25th, 2018 [December 25th, 2018]
- Cardiac arrest - Wikipedia - December 27th, 2018 [December 27th, 2018]
- What Is Arrhythmia? Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Types - December 27th, 2018 [December 27th, 2018]
- Heart arrhythmia - Wikipedia - December 27th, 2018 [December 27th, 2018]
- The Heart Truth - Lower Heart Disease Risk - December 30th, 2018 [December 30th, 2018]
- What are the different types of heart disease? | Heart ... - December 30th, 2018 [December 30th, 2018]
- Radiofrequency ablation - Wikipedia - January 14th, 2019 [January 14th, 2019]
- Singanitropin HGH 100 IU by Singani Pharma - pharmacomstore.ws - February 9th, 2019 [February 9th, 2019]
- Photosynthesis - Definition, Equation and Products ... - March 6th, 2019 [March 6th, 2019]
- Cardiology Conferences | Cardiology World Congress 2019 ... - March 18th, 2019 [March 18th, 2019]
- 2019 Tissue Repair and Regeneration Conference GRC - April 2nd, 2019 [April 2nd, 2019]
- The SHaRe Cardiomyopathy Registry - April 8th, 2019 [April 8th, 2019]
- Heart arrhythmia - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic - April 20th, 2019 [April 20th, 2019]
- Cardiac Rhythms | Lessons and Practice Strips - April 20th, 2019 [April 20th, 2019]